On July 2, 2026, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) issued the Hospital Outpatient Prospective Payment (OPPS) and Ambulatory Surgical Center (ASC) Payment Systems proposed rule, which proposes updates to the Medicare OPPS and ASC payment system for Calendar Year (CY) 2027. CMS also released a press release and fact sheet accompanying the proposed rule.
Key proposals include:
- Increase CY 2027 payment rates under both the OPPS and ASC payment systems by 2.4 percent;
- Increase the OPPS conversion factor reduction from 0.5 percent to 3 percent to accelerate budget-neutral recoupment of 340B remedy payments;
- Reduce OPPS payment for 340B-acquired drugs from average sales price (ASP) plus 6 percent to ASP minus 33.4 percent based on hospital acquisition cost survey data;
- Continue the phase-out of the Inpatient Only (IPO) list by removing 637 services;
- Expand the ASC Covered Procedures List with the addition of 618 surgical procedures;
- Expand site-neutral payment policy for CY 2027 by applying the site-specific Physician Fee Schedule (PFS) equivalent rate to certain imaging without contrast services furnished in off-campus provider-based departments;
- Maintain current payment methodology for Partial Hospitalization Program and Intensive Outpatient Services;
- Update device and drug/biological pass-through payment status;
- Maintain established OPPS packaging and payment for non-pass-through drugs, biologicals, and radiopharmaceuticals;
- Implement the final year of the temporary separate payment policy for qualifying non-opioid pain relief treatments in outpatient department and ASC settings;
- Add eight botulinum toxin injection codes to the hospital outpatient department prior authorization list; and,
- Require CMS-approved hospital accrediting organizations (AOs) to include certain EMTALA administrative compliance review elements in their accreditation processes.
The proposed rule also includes a Request for Information (RFI) on ways to strengthen and standardize hospital price transparency reporting. CMS also solicits comment on potential approaches to establish a separate, voluntary Inpatient Prospective Payment System (IPPS) payment adjustment to support hospitals’ procurement of eligible domestically manufactured PPE and essential medicines, including product eligibility, domestic definitions, manufacturer attestations, standardized cost differentials, payment methodologies, and possible aggregate payment caps.
This proposed rule is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on July 7, 2026, and comments are due by August 31, 2026.
CMS Proposes 2.4 % Increase in Outpatient and ASC Payment Rates
Pages 73-79 (OPPS conversion factor); Page 536 (ASC conversion factor); Pages 669-671 (overall impact analysis)[1]
For calendar year 2027, CMS proposes a 2.4 percent increase in payment rates under both the Hospital Outpatient Prospective Payment System (OPPS) and the Ambulatory Surgical Center (ASC) payment system. This update reflects a proposed 3.2 percent hospital market basket increase, reduced by a 0.8 percentage point productivity adjustment.
Under the proposal, total OPPS payments, including beneficiary cost-sharing and estimated changes in enrollment, utilization, and case mix, are expected to reach approximately $110.9 billion, an increase of approximately $9.5 billion compared to estimated CY 2026 OPPS payments. Hospitals that do not meet Hospital Outpatient Quality Reporting requirements would continue to receive a 2.0 percentage point payment reduction, applied through a reporting factor of 0.9805 to OPPS payments and copayments for all applicable services. Additionally, hospitals subject to the proposed 340B remedy offset would see a 3-percentage point reduction in payments for applicable services.
For ASCs, CMS proposes to extend the use of the hospital market basket update as the ASC payment system update factor for one additional year, through CY 2027. ASCs meeting ASC Quality Reporting Program requirements would receive a 2.4 percent increase in payment rates. CMS estimates total CY 2027 ASC payments, including beneficiary cost-sharing and estimated changes in enrollment, utilization, and case mix, would be approximately $9.9 billion, an increase of approximately $520 million compared to estimated CY 2026 Medicare payments.
CMS estimates that the proposed policies would result in a net 1.9% increase in OPPS payments to providers for services. CMS also estimates that the proposed 340B remedy offset would reduce payments to affected providers by $2.3 billion in CY 2027.
Increased Offset to OPPS Conversion Factor Proposed to Accelerate Recovery of 340B Remedy Payments
Pages 305-320
The Remedy for the 340B-Acquired Drug Payment Policy for Calendar Years 2018-2022 Final Rule[2] finalized an annual 0.5 percent reduction to the OPPS conversion factor used to calculate OPPS payment for non-drug items and services, excluding hospitals that enrolled in Medicare after January 1, 2018, beginning in CY 2026. The rule followed the Supreme Court’s decision in American Hospital Association v. Becerra,[3] which addressed the CY 2018 OPPS/ASC Final Rule’s[4] reduction in payments for 340B-acquired drugs from ASP plus 6 percent to ASP minus 22.5 percent. To remedy the resulting underpayments from 2018 through 2022, CMS finalized a one-time lump-sum payment to affected 340B hospitals. To ensure this remedy was budget-neutral, as required by statute, CMS implemented a 0.5 percent annual reduction in the OPPS conversion factor to recoup these payments, originally estimating full recovery by CY 2041.
For 2026, CMS proposed increasing the annual reduction from 0.5 percent to 2 percent to accelerate recovery of the remedy payments,[5] but did not finalize the proposal after considering stakeholder feedback. At that time, CMS indicated it would revisit the repayment methodology in CY 2027 rulemaking and signaled that a larger reduction could be proposed.[6] Accordingly, CMS now proposes increasing the annual conversion factor reduction from 0.5 percent to 3 percent. The proposed 3 percent reduction would apply only to hospitals enrolled on or before January 1, 2018, and would continue until $7.8 billion is recovered, which CMS projects will occur by the end of CY 2029.
This proposal would substantially accelerate CMS’s recovery of the 340B remedy payments, shifting a larger share of the adjustment into the next several years rather than spreading it across more than a decade. While affected hospitals would face more significant near-term reductions in OPPS payments, CMS argues that the policy would provide greater long-term payment stability.
Reduced Payments Proposed for 340B-Acquired Drugs Based on Medicare OPPS Drug Acquisition Cost Survey
Pages 325-379
CMS proposes to reduce OPPS payment for drugs acquired through the 340B Program from the current Average Sales Price (ASP) plus 6 percent to ASP minus 33.4 percent, while maintaining payment for non-340B drugs at ASP plus 6 percent. This proposal follows the CY 2026 OPPS/ASC Final Rule, in which CMS finalized its intent to conduct a hospital acquisition cost survey[7] pursuant to section 1833(t)(14)(D)(ii) of the Social Security Act.[8] CMS surveyed all OPPS hospitals with qualifying claims and collected National Drug Code (NDC)-level acquisition cost data for separately payable outpatient drugs purchased between July 1, 2024, and June 30, 2025.
Based on usable survey responses from approximately 41 percent of eligible hospitals, CMS found that hospitals acquired non-340B drugs at prices 2.7 percent above ASP, while 340B drugs were acquired at prices 33.4 percent below ASP. Accordingly, CMS proposes to pay for 340B-acquired drugs at ASP minus 33.4 percent, beginning January 1, 2027. Children’s hospitals, PPS-exempt cancer hospitals, and rural sole community hospitals would be exempt.
Effective January 1, 2027, CMS proposes updated billing requirements requiring providers to use modifier JG for 340B-acquired drugs subject to the payment reduction, modifier TB for exempt 340B drugs, and a new modifier, “XX,” for non-340B-acquired drugs. The agency also proposes conforming changes to the Medicare Part B Inflation Rebate Program regulations.
By tying reimbursement for 340B-acquired drugs to survey-based acquisition cost data, CMS proposes a significant departure from current Medicare Part B payment policy. The proposal would reduce reimbursement for most 340B hospitals and shift a portion of those savings to Medicare beneficiaries through lower cost-sharing. CMS estimates beneficiary cost-sharing would decline by approximately $1.15 billion in CY 2027.
CMS Proposes to Continue Phase-out of the Inpatient Only List
Pages 409-415
The Inpatient Only (IPO) list was originally established to identify procedures that Medicare would cover only when performed in the inpatient hospital setting, due to their complexity, the patient’s health status, or the need for extended recovery time. The current list includes about 1,428 services.
In CY 2026, CMS proposed to phase out the IPO list entirely over a three-year time period, with full elimination by January 1, 2029. CMS believes the list is no longer necessary due to advancements in medical technology, surgical techniques, and recovery protocols that have significantly reduced the need for inpatient care. The phase-out began on January 1, 2026, with the removal of 285 services.
For CY 2027, CMS continues to phase out the IPO list by proposing to remove an additional 637 services. The clinical families proposed for removal include auditory, digestive, endocrine, female, genital, hemic and lymphatic systems, integumentary, male genital, maternity care and delivery, mediastinum and diaphragm, respiratory and urinary clinical families. CMS notes that the clinical families proposed for the second phase of elimination of the IPO list were selected based on stakeholder feedback and concerns regarding proper Ambulatory Payment Classification (APC) placement. If finalized as proposed, CMS will remove half of the remaining services on the IPO list, leaving those CMS describes as being more complex and requiring a longer review process.
If finalized, the proposal would allow Medicare payment for these services in the hospital outpatient setting when clinically appropriate, giving physicians greater flexibility to choose the most appropriate site of care.
This proposal is a continuation of CMS’s effort to phase out the Inpatient Only (IPO) list by January 1, 2029. CMS is proposing to eliminate 637 services in CY 2027.
CMS Proposes to Expand ASC Covered Procedures List
Pages 508-512
CMS proposes to expand the ASC Covered Procedures List (CPL) for CY 2027, including by evaluating newly submitted and procedures associated with the continued phase-out of the IPO list.[9] For CY 2027, CMS proposes adding approximately 618 surgery or surgery-like codes[10] to the ASC CPL that are not on the CY 2026 IPO list and that CMS believes would meet the proposed revised standards and exclusion criteria.
CMS also discusses covered ancillary services that may be eligible for separate ASC payment, and notes that, beginning under the CY 2026 final rule, skin substitutes were added to the regulatory definition of covered ancillary items and services at 416.164(b).
This proposal would substantially expand the range of procedures eligible for Mediare payment in ASCs while allowing for the potential shift of more surgical volume from hospital outpatient departments to lower-cost ASC settings.
CMS Proposes Site Neutral Payment Policies for Imaging Services Without Contrast
Pages 415-448
In the CY 2019 OPPS/ASC final rule, CMS established a “method to control” the growth in the volume of outpatient department services delivered in off-campus provider-based departments (PBDs). The intent was to ensure that Medicare and beneficiaries do not pay more for services simply because they are furnished in a hospital setting rather than in a physician’s office. CMS achieved this by aligning the payment rate for clinic visits (HCPCS code G0463) provided in off-campus PBDs with the site-specific Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (PFS) rate. In the CY 2026 OPPS/ASC final rule, CMS expanded this site-neutral payment policy to include drug administration services provided in off-campus PBDs.
In this proposed rule, CMS further expands this policy by including imaging services without contrast. CMS proposes to apply the volume control methodology—specifically the site-specific PFS-equivalent rate—to the imaging without contrast APCs (5521-5524), as well as to APCs 8004 (Ultrasound Composite), 8005 (CT and CTA without Contrast Composite), and 8007 (MRI and MRA without Contrast Composite), when furnished at an off-campus PBD.
CMS proposes to exempt rural Sole Community Hospitals (SCHs) from this expanded site-neutral policy, consistent with prior exemptions finalized in the CY 2026 and CY 2023 OPPS/ASC final rules. CMS seeks comments on these proposals and notes that the agency continues to study and identify services that may be experiencing unnecessary growth.
CMS’s proposal to expand site-neutral payment policies reflects the Administration’s broader strategy to shift care to lower-cost settings by aligning payment rates between physician offices and off-campus PBDs. CMS estimates that this proposal would generate total savings of $260 million—$190 million for Medicare OPPS payments and a $70 million decrease in beneficiary copayments.
CMS Proposes Maintaining the Current Payment Rate Methodology Used for PHP and IOP Services
Pages 399-409
CMS proposes to maintain the current payment rate methodology for Partial Hospitalization Program (PHP) and Intensive Outpatient (IOP) services. Since CY 2024, CMS has set separate PHP ambulatory payment classification (APC) per diem payment rates for community mental health centers (CMHCs) and hospital-based PHPs. CMS proposes continued application of the 40 percent Medicare PFS Relativity Adjuster to calculate PHP and IOP payment rates for CMHC (CY 2027 rates for the hospital-based PHP and IOP APCs would be multiplied by 0.4 to calculate CMHC PHP and IOP APCs).[11]
CMS proposes considering any subsequently available hospital cost data post-publication of this proposed rule to determine the CY 2027 payment rates.
CMS Evaluates Devices Under Consideration for Pass-Through Status and Removes the Alternative Pathway for Pass-Through Eligibility
Pages 193-269
The transitional device pass-through payment is designed to ensure beneficiary access to new and innovative medical devices by providing additional reimbursement while CMS collects the cost data needed to incorporate these devices into the procedure APC rates. Currently, 21 device categories qualify for pass-through payment.[12] CMS proposes continuing to use its current device-intensive procedure policy for CY 2027.
New Device Pass-Through Applications for CY 2027
Page 200-255
CMS received 19 complete device pass-through applications through the last quarterly deadline (March 2, 2026). CMS addresses 13 of the applications in this rule (six applicants withdrew) and proposes to approve 7 out of 13 applications for pass-through status. Additionally, 10 out of 13 applications were for devices eligible under the alternative pathway. Notably, CMS denied all 3 applications that were submitted under the traditional pass-through pathway. CMS invites public comment on whether the submitted devices meet the criteria for pass-through payment.
CMS Removes Alternative Pathway for Device Pass-through Applications
Earlier this year, CMS proposed to repeal the alternative pathway for new technology add-on payment and OPPS device pass-through applications in the FY 2027 IPPS proposed rule. If finalized, CMS will require all OPPS device pass-through payment status applications to meet the same eligibility requirements reflected in § 419.66(c)(2)(i) beginning with applications submitted on and after October 1, 2026.
The proposal to eliminate the alternative pathway for pass-through payment status eligibility is expected to significantly affect the number of devices approved for pass-through payment after October 1, 2026, as meeting the substantial clinical improvement criteria under the traditional pass-through pathway is considerably more challenging.
CMS Proposes Updates to OPPS Drug and Biological Pass-Through Payment Status
Pages 269-277
CMS proposes to continue applying its standard OPPS pass-through payment policies for drugs, biologicals, and radiopharmaceuticals in CY 2027.
Specifically, CMS proposes that 49 drugs and biologicals will have pass-through payment status expire by December 31, 2026.[13] After expiration, CMS would determine whether each product is packaged or separately paid based on its estimated per-day cost. For CY 2027, CMS proposes a $140 packaging threshold for drugs, biologicals, and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals, and a $665 threshold for high-cost diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. Products at or below the applicable threshold would be packaged into the associated procedure payment; products above the threshold would be separately paid, generally at ASP plus 6 percent.
CMS also proposes to end pass-through payment status for 28 drugs and biologicals during CY 2027[14] and to continue pass-through status for 45 drugs and biologicals through CY 2027.[15]
For pass-through drugs, biologicals, and radiopharmaceuticals, CMS would continue to use the ASP methodology, generally ASP plus 6 percent. CMS notes that because separately payable OPPS drugs are also generally paid at ASP plus 6 percent, many pass-through products would continue to receive a $0 pass-through add-on payment. For policy-packaged products, CMS would calculate pass-through payment using ASP, wholesale acquisition costs (WAC), or average wholesale price (AWP), minus any applicable OPPS payment offset.
The projected total amount of pass-through spending for the device categories and the drugs and biologicals would be $195.3 million or 0.18 percent of total projected OPPS payments for CY 2027, which is significantly less than CY 2026, which represented $587 million, or 0.59% percent, of total project Cy 2026 OPPS spending.
CMS Proposes OPPS Packaging and Payment Policies for Non-Pass-Through Drugs, Biologicals, and Radiopharmaceuticals
Pages 283-305
CMS proposes to maintain its established OPPS methodology for drugs, biologicals, and radiopharmaceuticals without pass-through status.
For CY 2027, CMS proposes a $140 packaging threshold for drugs, biologicals, and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals, and a $665 packaging threshold for diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. Items with per-day costs at or below the applicable threshold would generally be packaged, while items above the threshold would be separately paid unless they are policy-packaged.
CMS would continue to package certain categories regardless of cost, including anesthesia drugs; drugs, biologicals, and radiopharmaceuticals that function as supplies in diagnostic tests or procedures; and drugs and biologicals that function as supplies in surgical procedures. CMS also proposes to continue making packaging determinations on a drug-specific basis, rather than a HCPCS-specific basis, when multiple HCPCS codes describe the same drug or biological in different dosages.
For separately payable non-pass-through drugs and biologicals, CMS proposes to continue paying generally at ASP plus 6 percent, with WAC-based payment generally at WAC plus 3 percent when ASP data are unavailable and WAC-based pricing is used under section 1847A(c)(4). CMS is not proposing additional changes to payment policies for separately payable drugs, biologicals, biosimilars, or invoice-priced drugs.
CMS also proposes to continue its existing radiopharmaceutical payment policies. Separately payable non-pass-through therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals would be paid at ASP plus 6 percent when ASP data are available or based on hospital claims-derived arithmetic mean unit cost when ASP data are unavailable. Separately payable diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals above the proposed $665 threshold would continue to be paid based on arithmetic mean unit cost, with ASP, WAC, or AWP used temporarily for new products without claims data.
CMS Outlines Proposed Implementation of Non-Opioid Policy for Pain Relief for 2027
Pages 512-524
Section 4135 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023 (CAA, 2023)[16] provides temporary separate payment for certain non-opioid pain relief treatments in the HOPD and ASC settings from January 1, 2025, through December 31, 2027. In this rule, CMS outlines the proposed implementation of this policy for CY 2027, its final year.
- Non-Opioid Treatments: CMS proposes that seven drugs and 13 devices meet the statutory definition of “non-opioid treatment for pain relief,”[17] and therefore qualify for separate payment in the HOPD and ASC settings in CY 2027. See Table 71 on pages 522-524 of the unpublished proposed rule for a list of these products.
- Payment Methodology and Offset: For CY 2027, CMS proposes maintaining the payment methodology finalized for CY 2026.[18] Payments for eligible non-opioid drugs and biologicals would continue to be based on the amount determined under Section 1847A of the Act, with a zero-dollar offset, while payments for eligible devices would be based on hospital charges adjusted to cost, also with a zero-dollar offset.
- Payment Limitation: Eligible products would remain subject to a statutory payment limitation[19] that caps payment at 18 percent of the OPD fee schedule amount for the associated service. CMS notes that these payment limitation calculations will now be available through a public-use file accompanying the proposed rule and may be updated in the final rule based on revised payment rates and utilization data.
CMS Proposes to Require Prior Authorization for Additional Botulinum Toxin Injection Codes
Pages 582-591; 662-665
In the CY 2020 OPPS/ASC final rule, CMS established a prior authorization process for certain HOPD services using its authority to control unnecessary increases in the volume of covered OPD services.[20]
In this rule, CMS proposes to require prior authorization for eight additional botulinum toxin injection codes for dates of service on or after July 1, 2027.[21] The current prior authorization categories include blepharoplasty, botulinum toxin injections, panniculectomy, rhinoplasty, vein ablation, cervical fusion with disc removal, implanted spinal neurostimulators, and facet joint interventions.
CMS states that the new botulinum codes experienced volume growth substantially exceeding overall OPD utilization trends, despite a decline in total OPD claims volume, for which it could not identify a justification. CMS therefore views the growth as unnecessary and warranting program integrity action. CMS seeks comment on the proposed additions, including potential unintended clinical consequences.
If finalized, the addition of eight botulinum toxin injection procedures may result in additional provider administrative burdens and delays and/or inability to receive treatment for patients receiving botulinum toxin injections.
CMS Considers Separate IPPS Payment to Support Domestic Procurement of PPE and Essential Medicines
Pages 608-634
CMS solicits comment on a potential voluntary IPPS payment adjustment for hospitals that purchase certain domestically manufactured personal protective equipment (PPE) and essential medicines.
Building on the existing domestic N95 respirator payment policy, CMS is considering ways to support domestic supply chain resilience while accounting for the higher costs of American-made products through expanding eligible products to include certain domestic respirators, medical gloves, gowns, and selected Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved essential medicines. CMS seeks feedback on how to define “domestic,” verify product eligibility, identify eligible products by National Drug Code (NDC) or unique device identifier (UDI), and calculate standardized cost differentials between domestic and non-domestic products.
CMS also seeks comment on payment methodologies, including claims-based and cost-report-based approaches, allocation methods for PPE, potential aggregate payment caps, and prospective hospital allocations. CMS is not currently pursuing a “Secure American Medical Supplies” designation or new Hospital Inpatient Quality Reporting (IQR) Program structural measure and is considering sunsetting the existing OPPS N95 policy while it explores alternative outpatient approaches.
CMS Seeks Feedback on Strengthening Hospital Transparency Data Reporting
Pages 634-643
Beginning in January 2021, CMS has required hospitals to provide pricing information online about the items or services they furnish in a machine-readable file (MRF) as well as through a consumer-friendly display. In this proposed rule, CMS requests information on ways to improve hospital price transparency (HPT) data reported in MRFs and consumer-friendly displays. CMS specifically seeks comments on reporting contract mechanisms, including outlier payments, stop-loss provisions, rate tiering, and carve-outs, and ways to make consumer-friendly displays more comparable and useful.[22]
AO Deeming Authority for EMTALA
Page 575-582
The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA) was enacted in 1986 to address concerns regarding the inappropriate transfer of, or refusal to treat, individuals with emergency medical conditions who are seeking emergency department care. EMTALA applies to hospitals that participate in Medicare and operate emergency departments, including Critical Access Hospitals (CAHs) and Rural Emergency Hospitals (REHs).
CMS proposes requiring CMS-approved hospital accrediting organizations (AOs) to include certain EMTALA review activities within their current accreditation process. AOs with a CMS-approved accrediting programs would be required to assess compliance with administrative requirements and document the procedures used to assess compliance, as well as cite and address any identified deficiencies. Since over 80% of hospitals are accredited by AOs, CMS cites that this integration could help reduce redundant state investigations and disruptions to hospital operations. If finalized as proposed, AOs would not be authorized to assess or enforce compliance with EMTALA. related to medical screening examinations, stabilizing treatment, appropriate transfers, and receiving hospital responsibilities. The Office of Inspector General (OIG) would also continue to exercise its statutory authority to impose civil monetary penalties or exclusion, and CMS would retain authority to terminate a hospital’s Medicare provider agreement for EMTALA violations.
CMS signals an interest in minimizing operational disruptions for hospitals by integrating EMTALA administrative reviews into accreditation and state certification surveys. CMS also signals a commitment to improving compliance consistency across documentation and operational safeguards.
This Applied Policy® Summary was prepared by Meghan Basler with support from the Applied Policy team of health policy experts. If you have any questions or need more information, please contact her at mbasler@appliedpolicy.com or at (908) 752-9875.
[1] Please note that all page numbers listed are specific to the unpublished proposed rule.
[2] 88 FR 77150
[3] 142 S. Ct. 1896 (2022)
[4] 82 FR 59369 through 59370
[5] 90 FR 33634
[6] 90 FR 53714
[7] 90 FR 53754 through 53766 and 54049 through 54052
[8] https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2025-06837
[9] 42 CFR 416.166(b)(2)
[10] These procedures are listed in the public file “Proposed Additions to the List of ASC Covered Procedures for CY 2027”
[11] Table 57 of the unpublished proposed rule contains proposed CY 2027 PHP and IOP APC Geometric Mean Per Diem Costs for PHP and IOP.
[12] A list of the current device categories is in Table 29, on page 194 of the unpublished proposed rule.
[13] See Table 43: Drugs and Biologicals for which Pass-through Payment Status Will End by December 31, 2026
[14] See Table 44: Drugs and Biologicals with Pass-through Status Expiring in CY 2027
[15] See Table 45: Drugs and Biologicals with Pass-through status Continuing through CY 2027
[16] Access to Non-Opioid Treatments for Pain Relief, Pub. L. 117-328
[17] Section 1833(t)(16)(G)(iv) of the Act
[18] 90 FR 53448
[19] Section 1833(t)(16)(G)(iii) of the Act
[20] Section 1833(t)(2)(F) of the Act
[21] See Table 76 for the proposed list of additional botulinum toxin injection procedures and Table 77 for the existing list of services subject to the prior authorization process.
[22] The full list of questions appears on page 639 for MRFs and page 642 for consumer-friendly displays.
